Habitat:

Shatahva is a tall, glabrous, aromatic herb found throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the country and cultivated.1

Morphology Description (Habit):

Fruits are dark brown, often stalk attached, broadly oval and compressed dorsally; mericarps usually separate and free, 4 mm long, 2-3 mm broad and 1 mm thick, glabrous, traversed from the base to apex by 5 lighter coloured primary ridges of which 3 dorsal, slightly raised, brown, filiform and inconspicuous, 2 lateral prolonged into thin, yellowish membranous wings; odour, faintly aromatic resembling that of caraway, and a warm, slightly sharp taste, akin to caraway.1

Parts Used:

Dried Ripe Fruit, Herb

Phytochemistry:

There are various volatile components of dill seeds and herb; carvone being the predominant odorant of dill seed and α-phellandrene, limonene, dill ether, myristicin are the most important odorants of dill herb. Other compounds isolated from seeds are coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids and steroids.2

As per Ayurveda:

           Rasa (Taste)                 : Pungent, bitter

           Guna (Property)           : Unctuous

           Veerya (Potency)         : Hot

           Vipaka (End Result)      : Pungent

Pharmacological Actions:

Satahva is Kaphavatahara. The Ayurvedic uses of dill seeds are carminative, stomachic and diuretic.2

The primary pharmacological actions of this soothing fruit are summarized as under:

Central Nervous System:

i. The leaves have been observed to exhibit anticonvulsant activity.3

ii. Useful as food supplement to protect against age-related cognitive impairment such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early phase of Alzheimer's disease.4

Digestive System:

i. A. graveolens seed extracts have significant mucosal protective and antisecretory effects of the gastric mucosa.5

Cardiovascular System: 

i. Exerts certain protective effect against atherosclerosis.6

ii. The essential oil possesses Antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects.7

iii. Anethum graveolens has significant lipid lowering effects and is a promising cardioprotective agent.8

Reproductive System:

i. Shatapushpa Churna is extremely useful in the management of oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and irregular menstrual cycles. It also helps reduce pain in back and lower abdomen.9

ii. The extract enhances the aphrodisiac activity and is not harmful to sperm and male reproductive organs.10

Musculoskeletal System: 

i. The herb is a rich source of Calcium and is useful in the prevention and management of Osteoporosis.

Others: 

i. Exhibits significant anti-candida effect.11,12

ii. Dill Oil possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity.13

iii. Exhibits antimycobacterial activity.14

iv. Possesses significant antibacterial activity.15

Indications:

Indigestion and allied abdominal discomfort

Oligomenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea

Irregular menstruation

Osteoporosis

Candidiasis

References:

1. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part-1, Vol-2.

2. Jana S, Shekhawat GS. Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Jul;4(8):179-84.

3. Arash A, Mohammad MZ, Jamal MS, et al. Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Anethum graveolens Leaves on Seizure Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Mice. Malays J Med Sci. 2013 Oct;20(5):23-30.

4. Thukham-Mee W, Wattanathorn J. Evaluation of Safety and Protective Effect of Combined Extract of Cissampelos pareira and Anethum graveolens(PM52) against Age-Related Cognitive Impairment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:674101.

5. Hosseinzadeh H, Karimi GR, Ameri M. Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice. BMC Pharmacol. 2002 Dec 19;2:21.

6. Setorki M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Merikhi A, et al. Suppressive impact of anethum graveolens consumption on biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Int J Prev Med. 2013 Aug;4(8):889-95.

7. Yazdanparast R, Alavi M. Antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum graveolens leaves after the removal of furocoumarins. Cytobios. 2001;105(410):185-91.

8. Hajhashemi V, Abbasi N. Hypolipidemic activity of Anethum graveolens in rats. Phytother Res. 2008 Mar;22(3):372-5.

9. Ghose A, Panda PK. Clinical efficacy of Shatapushpa (Anethum sowa Kurz.) powder in the management of Artava kshaya (oligomenorrhoea). Ayu. 2010 Oct-Dec; 31(4): 447–450.

10. Iamsaard S, Prabsattroo T, Sukhorum W, et al. Anethum graveolens Linn. (dill) extract enhances the mounting frequency and level of testicular tyrosine protein phosphorylation in rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2013 Mar;14(3):247-52.

11. Chen Y, Zeng H, Tian J, et al. Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) seed essential oil induces Candida albicans apoptosis in a metacaspase-dependent manner. Fungal Biol. 2014 Apr;118(4):394-401.

12. Chen Y, Zeng H, Tian J, et al. Antifungal mechanism of essential oil from Anethum graveolens seeds against Candida albicans. J Med Microbiol. 2013 Aug;62(Pt 8):1175-83.

13. Naseri M, Mojab F, Khodadoost M, et al. The Study of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Oil-Based Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) Extract Used Topically in Formalin-Induced Inflammation Male Rat Paw. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012 Fall;11(4):1169-74.

14. Stavri M, Gibbons S. The antimycobacterial constituents of dill (Anethum graveolens). Phytother Res. 2005 Nov;19(11):938-41.

15. Kaur GJ, Arora DS. Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009 Aug 6;9:30.

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